Alignathon: a competitive assessment of whole-genome alignment methods
Identifieur interne : 003C24 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003C23; suivant : 003C25Alignathon: a competitive assessment of whole-genome alignment methods
Auteurs : Dent Earl [États-Unis] ; Ngan Nguyen [États-Unis] ; Glenn Hickey [Canada] ; Robert S. Harris [États-Unis] ; Stephen Fitzgerald [Royaume-Uni] ; Kathryn Beal [Royaume-Uni] ; Igor Seledtsov [États-Unis] ; Vladimir Molodtsov [États-Unis] ; Brian J. Raney [États-Unis] ; Hiram Clawson [États-Unis] ; Jaebum Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Carsten Kemena [Espagne, Allemagne] ; Jia-Ming Chang [Espagne, France] ; Ionas Erb [Espagne] ; Alexander Poliakov [États-Unis] ; Minmei Hou [États-Unis] ; Javier Herrero [Royaume-Uni] ; William James Kent [États-Unis] ; Victor Solovyev [États-Unis] ; Aaron E. Darling [Australie] ; Jian Ma [États-Unis] ; Cedric Notredame [Espagne] ; Michael Brudno [Canada] ; Inna Dubchak [États-Unis] ; David Haussler [États-Unis] ; Benedict Paten [États-Unis]Source :
- Genome Research [ 1088-9051 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- genetics : Mammals.
- methods : Computational Biology, Genomics, Sequence Alignment.
- Animals, Computer Simulation, Datasets as Topic, Genome, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Phylogeny, Reproducibility of Results, Software.
Abstract
Multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) are a prerequisite for a wide variety of evolutionary analyses. Published assessments and benchmark data sets for protein and, to a lesser extent, global nucleotide MSAs are available, but less effort has been made to establish benchmarks in the more general problem of whole-genome alignment (WGA). Using the same model as the successful Assemblathon competitions, we organized a competitive evaluation in which teams submitted their alignments and then assessments were performed collectively after all the submissions were received. Three data sets were used: Two were simulated and based on primate and mammalian phylogenies, and one was comprised of 20 real fly genomes. In total, 35 submissions were assessed, submitted by 10 teams using 12 different alignment pipelines. We found agreement between independent simulation-based and statistical assessments, indicating that there are substantial accuracy differences between contemporary alignment tools. We saw considerable differences in the alignment quality of differently annotated regions and found that few tools aligned the duplications analyzed. We found that many tools worked well at shorter evolutionary distances, but fewer performed competitively at longer distances. We provide all data sets, submissions, and assessment programs for further study and provide, as a resource for future benchmarking, a convenient repository of code and data for reproducing the simulation assessments.
Url:
DOI: 10.1101/gr.174920.114
PubMed: 25273068
PubMed Central: 4248324
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Canada, Corée du Sud, Espagne, France, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Catalogne, District de Münster, Languedoc-Roussillon, Occitanie (région administrative), Ontario, Pennsylvanie, Québec, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Région capitale de Séoul
- Barcelone, Montpellier, Montréal, Münster, Séoul, Toronto, University Park (Pennsylvanie)
- Université McGill, Université Pompeu Fabra, Université d'État de Pennsylvanie, Université de Toronto
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type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UPR 1142, CNRS, Montpellier, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UPR 1142, CNRS, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erb, Ionas" sort="Erb, Ionas" uniqKey="Erb I" first="Ionas" last="Erb">Ionas Erb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poliakov, Alexander" sort="Poliakov, Alexander" uniqKey="Poliakov A" first="Alexander" last="Poliakov">Alexander Poliakov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94598</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hou, Minmei" sort="Hou, Minmei" uniqKey="Hou M" first="Minmei" last="Hou">Minmei Hou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Illinois 60115</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrero, Javier" sort="Herrero, Javier" uniqKey="Herrero J" first="Javier" last="Herrero">Javier Herrero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CB10 1SD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kent, William James" sort="Kent, William James" uniqKey="Kent W" first="William James" last="Kent">William James Kent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solovyev, Victor" sort="Solovyev, Victor" uniqKey="Solovyev V" first="Victor" last="Solovyev">Victor Solovyev</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10549</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Darling, Aaron E" sort="Darling, Aaron E" uniqKey="Darling A" first="Aaron E." last="Darling">Aaron E. Darling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW 2007</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Jian" sort="Ma, Jian" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jian" last="Ma">Jian Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Illinois 61801</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Notredame, Cedric" sort="Notredame, Cedric" uniqKey="Notredame C" first="Cedric" last="Notredame">Cedric Notredame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brudno, Michael" sort="Brudno, Michael" uniqKey="Brudno M" first="Michael" last="Brudno">Michael Brudno</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Computer Science and the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science and the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Centre for Computational Medicine and the Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Computational Medicine and the Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON M5G 1X8</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubchak, Inna" sort="Dubchak, Inna" uniqKey="Dubchak I" first="Inna" last="Dubchak">Inna Dubchak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94598</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haussler, David" sort="Haussler, David" uniqKey="Haussler D" first="David" last="Haussler">David Haussler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20815-6789</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paten, Benedict" sort="Paten, Benedict" uniqKey="Paten B" first="Benedict" last="Paten">Benedict Paten</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25273068</idno><idno type="pmc">4248324</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248324</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4248324</idno><idno type="doi">10.1101/gr.174920.114</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001845</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001845</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001705</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001705</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001759</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001759</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003260</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003260</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003150</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003150</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003150</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003150</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001E61</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001E61</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001E61</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1088-9051:2014:Earl D:alignathon:a:competitive</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">003C74</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">003C24</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">003C24</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Alignathon: a competitive assessment of whole-genome alignment methods</title><author><name sortKey="Earl, Dent" sort="Earl, Dent" uniqKey="Earl D" first="Dent" last="Earl">Dent Earl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, Ngan" sort="Nguyen, Ngan" uniqKey="Nguyen N" first="Ngan" last="Nguyen">Ngan Nguyen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hickey, Glenn" sort="Hickey, Glenn" uniqKey="Hickey G" first="Glenn" last="Hickey">Glenn Hickey</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3">School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Robert S" sort="Harris, Robert S" uniqKey="Harris R" first="Robert S." last="Harris">Robert S. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'État de Pennsylvanie</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">University Park (Pennsylvanie)</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzgerald, Stephen" sort="Fitzgerald, Stephen" uniqKey="Fitzgerald S" first="Stephen" last="Fitzgerald">Stephen Fitzgerald</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CB10 1SD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beal, Kathryn" sort="Beal, Kathryn" uniqKey="Beal K" first="Kathryn" last="Beal">Kathryn Beal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CB10 1SD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seledtsov, Igor" sort="Seledtsov, Igor" uniqKey="Seledtsov I" first="Igor" last="Seledtsov">Igor Seledtsov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10549</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molodtsov, Vladimir" sort="Molodtsov, Vladimir" uniqKey="Molodtsov V" first="Vladimir" last="Molodtsov">Vladimir Molodtsov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10549</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raney, Brian J" sort="Raney, Brian J" uniqKey="Raney B" first="Brian J." last="Raney">Brian J. Raney</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clawson, Hiram" sort="Clawson, Hiram" uniqKey="Clawson H" first="Hiram" last="Clawson">Hiram Clawson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jaebum" sort="Kim, Jaebum" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jaebum" last="Kim">Jaebum Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemena, Carsten" sort="Kemena, Carsten" uniqKey="Kemena C" first="Carsten" last="Kemena">Carsten Kemena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Westfalian Wilhelms University, Institute of Evolution and Biodiversity, 48149 Muenster, Germany;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Westfalian Wilhelms University, Institute of Evolution and Biodiversity, 48149 Muenster</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Münster</region><settlement type="city">Münster</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Jia Ming" sort="Chang, Jia Ming" uniqKey="Chang J" first="Jia-Ming" last="Chang">Jia-Ming Chang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UPR 1142, CNRS, Montpellier, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UPR 1142, CNRS, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erb, Ionas" sort="Erb, Ionas" uniqKey="Erb I" first="Ionas" last="Erb">Ionas Erb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poliakov, Alexander" sort="Poliakov, Alexander" uniqKey="Poliakov A" first="Alexander" last="Poliakov">Alexander Poliakov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94598</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hou, Minmei" sort="Hou, Minmei" uniqKey="Hou M" first="Minmei" last="Hou">Minmei Hou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Illinois 60115</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrero, Javier" sort="Herrero, Javier" uniqKey="Herrero J" first="Javier" last="Herrero">Javier Herrero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CB10 1SD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kent, William James" sort="Kent, William James" uniqKey="Kent W" first="William James" last="Kent">William James Kent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solovyev, Victor" sort="Solovyev, Victor" uniqKey="Solovyev V" first="Victor" last="Solovyev">Victor Solovyev</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Softberry Inc., Mount Kisco, New York 10549</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10549</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Darling, Aaron E" sort="Darling, Aaron E" uniqKey="Darling A" first="Aaron E." last="Darling">Aaron E. Darling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW 2007</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Jian" sort="Ma, Jian" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jian" last="Ma">Jian Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Illinois 61801</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Notredame, Cedric" sort="Notredame, Cedric" uniqKey="Notredame C" first="Cedric" last="Notredame">Cedric Notredame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre For Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brudno, Michael" sort="Brudno, Michael" uniqKey="Brudno M" first="Michael" last="Brudno">Michael Brudno</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Computer Science and the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science and the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Centre for Computational Medicine and the Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Computational Medicine and the Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON M5G 1X8</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubchak, Inna" sort="Dubchak, Inna" uniqKey="Dubchak I" first="Inna" last="Dubchak">Inna Dubchak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94598</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haussler, David" sort="Haussler, David" uniqKey="Haussler D" first="David" last="Haussler">David Haussler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20815-6789</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paten, Benedict" sort="Paten, Benedict" uniqKey="Paten B" first="Benedict" last="Paten">Benedict Paten</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95064</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Genome Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1088-9051</idno><idno type="eISSN">1549-5469</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Computational Biology (methods)</term><term>Computer Simulation</term><term>Datasets as Topic</term><term>Genome</term><term>Genome-Wide Association Study</term><term>Genomics (methods)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mammals (genetics)</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term><term>Sequence Alignment (methods)</term><term>Software</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alignement de séquences ()</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Biologie informatique ()</term><term>Données de la recherche comme sujet</term><term>Génome</term><term>Génomique ()</term><term>Humains</term><term>Logiciel</term><term>Mammifères (génétique)</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term><term>Simulation numérique</term><term>Étude d'association pangénomique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Mammals</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mammifères</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Computational Biology</term><term>Genomics</term><term>Sequence Alignment</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Computer Simulation</term><term>Datasets as Topic</term><term>Genome</term><term>Genome-Wide Association Study</term><term>Humans</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term><term>Software</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alignement de séquences</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Biologie informatique</term><term>Données de la recherche comme sujet</term><term>Génome</term><term>Génomique</term><term>Humains</term><term>Logiciel</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term><term>Simulation numérique</term><term>Étude d'association pangénomique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) are a prerequisite for a wide variety of evolutionary analyses. Published assessments and benchmark data sets for protein and, to a lesser extent, global nucleotide MSAs are available, but less effort has been made to establish benchmarks in the more general problem of whole-genome alignment (WGA). Using the same model as the successful Assemblathon competitions, we organized a competitive evaluation in which teams submitted their alignments and then assessments were performed collectively after all the submissions were received. Three data sets were used: Two were simulated and based on primate and mammalian phylogenies, and one was comprised of 20 real fly genomes. In total, 35 submissions were assessed, submitted by 10 teams using 12 different alignment pipelines. We found agreement between independent simulation-based and statistical assessments, indicating that there are substantial accuracy differences between contemporary alignment tools. We saw considerable differences in the alignment quality of differently annotated regions and found that few tools aligned the duplications analyzed. We found that many tools worked well at shorter evolutionary distances, but fewer performed competitively at longer distances. We provide all data sets, submissions, and assessment programs for further study and provide, as a resource for future benchmarking, a convenient repository of code and data for reproducing the simulation assessments.</p></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>Corée du Sud</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Catalogne</li><li>District de Münster</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Ontario</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Québec</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>Région capitale de Séoul</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Montpellier</li><li>Montréal</li><li>Münster</li><li>Séoul</li><li>Toronto</li><li>University Park (Pennsylvanie)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université McGill</li><li>Université Pompeu Fabra</li><li>Université d'État de Pennsylvanie</li><li>Université de Toronto</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Earl, Dent" sort="Earl, Dent" uniqKey="Earl D" first="Dent" last="Earl">Dent Earl</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Clawson, Hiram" sort="Clawson, Hiram" uniqKey="Clawson H" first="Hiram" last="Clawson">Hiram Clawson</name><name sortKey="Dubchak, Inna" sort="Dubchak, Inna" uniqKey="Dubchak I" first="Inna" last="Dubchak">Inna Dubchak</name><name sortKey="Dubchak, Inna" sort="Dubchak, Inna" uniqKey="Dubchak I" first="Inna" last="Dubchak">Inna Dubchak</name><name sortKey="Earl, Dent" sort="Earl, Dent" uniqKey="Earl D" first="Dent" last="Earl">Dent Earl</name><name sortKey="Harris, Robert S" sort="Harris, Robert S" uniqKey="Harris R" first="Robert S." last="Harris">Robert S. Harris</name><name sortKey="Haussler, David" sort="Haussler, David" uniqKey="Haussler D" first="David" last="Haussler">David Haussler</name><name sortKey="Haussler, David" sort="Haussler, David" uniqKey="Haussler D" first="David" last="Haussler">David Haussler</name><name sortKey="Haussler, David" sort="Haussler, David" uniqKey="Haussler D" first="David" last="Haussler">David Haussler</name><name sortKey="Hou, Minmei" sort="Hou, Minmei" uniqKey="Hou M" first="Minmei" last="Hou">Minmei Hou</name><name sortKey="Kent, William James" sort="Kent, William James" uniqKey="Kent W" first="William James" last="Kent">William James Kent</name><name sortKey="Kent, William James" sort="Kent, William James" uniqKey="Kent W" first="William James" last="Kent">William James Kent</name><name sortKey="Ma, Jian" sort="Ma, Jian" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jian" last="Ma">Jian Ma</name><name sortKey="Molodtsov, Vladimir" sort="Molodtsov, Vladimir" uniqKey="Molodtsov V" first="Vladimir" last="Molodtsov">Vladimir Molodtsov</name><name sortKey="Nguyen, Ngan" sort="Nguyen, Ngan" uniqKey="Nguyen N" first="Ngan" last="Nguyen">Ngan Nguyen</name><name sortKey="Nguyen, Ngan" sort="Nguyen, Ngan" uniqKey="Nguyen N" first="Ngan" last="Nguyen">Ngan Nguyen</name><name sortKey="Paten, Benedict" sort="Paten, Benedict" uniqKey="Paten B" first="Benedict" last="Paten">Benedict Paten</name><name sortKey="Paten, Benedict" sort="Paten, Benedict" uniqKey="Paten B" first="Benedict" last="Paten">Benedict Paten</name><name sortKey="Poliakov, Alexander" sort="Poliakov, Alexander" uniqKey="Poliakov A" first="Alexander" last="Poliakov">Alexander Poliakov</name><name sortKey="Raney, Brian J" sort="Raney, Brian J" uniqKey="Raney B" first="Brian J." last="Raney">Brian J. Raney</name><name sortKey="Seledtsov, Igor" sort="Seledtsov, Igor" uniqKey="Seledtsov I" first="Igor" last="Seledtsov">Igor Seledtsov</name><name sortKey="Solovyev, Victor" sort="Solovyev, Victor" uniqKey="Solovyev V" first="Victor" last="Solovyev">Victor Solovyev</name></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Québec"><name sortKey="Hickey, Glenn" sort="Hickey, Glenn" uniqKey="Hickey G" first="Glenn" last="Hickey">Glenn Hickey</name></region><name sortKey="Brudno, Michael" sort="Brudno, Michael" uniqKey="Brudno M" first="Michael" last="Brudno">Michael Brudno</name><name sortKey="Brudno, Michael" sort="Brudno, Michael" uniqKey="Brudno M" first="Michael" last="Brudno">Michael Brudno</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Fitzgerald, Stephen" sort="Fitzgerald, Stephen" uniqKey="Fitzgerald S" first="Stephen" last="Fitzgerald">Stephen Fitzgerald</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Beal, Kathryn" sort="Beal, Kathryn" uniqKey="Beal K" first="Kathryn" last="Beal">Kathryn Beal</name><name sortKey="Herrero, Javier" sort="Herrero, Javier" uniqKey="Herrero J" first="Javier" last="Herrero">Javier Herrero</name><name sortKey="Herrero, Javier" sort="Herrero, Javier" uniqKey="Herrero J" first="Javier" last="Herrero">Javier Herrero</name></country><country name="Corée du Sud"><region name="Région capitale de Séoul"><name sortKey="Kim, Jaebum" sort="Kim, Jaebum" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jaebum" last="Kim">Jaebum Kim</name></region></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Catalogne"><name sortKey="Kemena, Carsten" sort="Kemena, Carsten" uniqKey="Kemena C" first="Carsten" last="Kemena">Carsten Kemena</name></region><name sortKey="Chang, Jia Ming" sort="Chang, Jia Ming" uniqKey="Chang J" first="Jia-Ming" last="Chang">Jia-Ming Chang</name><name sortKey="Chang, Jia Ming" sort="Chang, Jia Ming" uniqKey="Chang J" first="Jia-Ming" last="Chang">Jia-Ming Chang</name><name sortKey="Erb, Ionas" sort="Erb, Ionas" uniqKey="Erb I" first="Ionas" last="Erb">Ionas Erb</name><name sortKey="Erb, Ionas" sort="Erb, Ionas" uniqKey="Erb I" first="Ionas" last="Erb">Ionas Erb</name><name sortKey="Kemena, Carsten" sort="Kemena, Carsten" uniqKey="Kemena C" first="Carsten" last="Kemena">Carsten Kemena</name><name sortKey="Notredame, Cedric" sort="Notredame, Cedric" uniqKey="Notredame C" first="Cedric" last="Notredame">Cedric Notredame</name><name sortKey="Notredame, Cedric" sort="Notredame, Cedric" uniqKey="Notredame C" first="Cedric" last="Notredame">Cedric Notredame</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Kemena, Carsten" sort="Kemena, Carsten" uniqKey="Kemena C" first="Carsten" last="Kemena">Carsten Kemena</name></region></country><country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Chang, Jia Ming" sort="Chang, Jia Ming" uniqKey="Chang J" first="Jia-Ming" last="Chang">Jia-Ming Chang</name></region></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Darling, Aaron E" sort="Darling, Aaron E" uniqKey="Darling A" first="Aaron E." last="Darling">Aaron E. 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